Background: All women experience similar changes in the POSTPARTUM period, but some special factors make these EXPERIENCES unique and sometimes cause stress and anxiety. Understanding these EXPERIENCES is essential for providing appropriate POSTPARTUM care. This study investigated the meaning and nature of mothers' EXPERIENCES and their daily life in this period.Methods: This is a qualitative study employing a phenomenological approach. Data were collected by deep interviews. 14 mothers who referred to the hospitals or health care centers of Isfahan city in 2005 were interviewed. Sampling was purposive and data were analyzed by Colaizzi's method.Results: The total findings of the study were collected in 90 codes, 15 categories and 4 main concepts were extracted: positive mood reactions, negative mood reactions, feeling unprepared, and body image change. Conclusion: Mothers᾽ EXPERIENCES lead to psychological and emotional reactions in POSTPARTUM period based on the care and support they receive. If these services are not enough and appropriate, they face various tensions which have adverse effects on the newborns and families as well. Therefore, to help mothers and their families to achieve their evolutionary role with minimum stress in this susceptible period, it is necessary to determine the effective factors and plan strategies for POSTPARTUM care services based on mothers' need.

Introduction: After the birth of an infant, profound changes occur in the mothers’ lives. Although all women experience similar physiological changes in the POSTPARTUM period, certain factors make these EXPERIENCES unique. This critical period has long-lasting effects on mothers and their families; appropriate and cost-effective care is an important challenge in this time. Thus, this study has tried to understand mothers' EXPERIENCES, to provide a desired POSTPARTUM care.Methods: This study is a phenomenological qualitative research. After a purposive sampling of 15 POSTPARTUM women in hospitals or health centers in Isfahan, an in-depth interview by use of open–ended semi-structured questions was conducted. Colaizzi method was utilized for data analysis.Results: The four concepts extracted from this research are: effective interrelationship, professional care, education and finally, current conditions and available facilities.Conclusion: According to the results of this research, the type of care and support which mothers receive is very important. Therefore, to be able to help the mother and her family to play their influential role with minimum stress, paying attention to various effective factors along with changing the care's strategy from routine care to mother’s desirable care is important in this critical period.

2Various researches have shown that Iran's educational system does not pay enough attention to cultural differences and mostly promotes the dominant and official national culture in an engineered way. The focus of these researches has been focused on the inputs of the educational system. The current research, relying on the mixed exploratory method, tried to examine both the inputs and educational processes in order to test the truth of this claim, whether such a claim is consistent with the reality in the educational system. In this way, in the qualitative part, first the teachers' lived EXPERIENCES of the criteria that were considered for their selection and employment were analyzed (inputs), and then in the quantitative part, the teacher's success in the classroom was analyzed. It was predicted based on the mentioned criteria (processes). The findings of this research showed that scientific identity and ideological identity are valued in the recruitment of teachers, and because of this, criteria such as personal success, special privileges, and religious and moral foundations are put forward. However, it is only the teacher's personal success that can predict his success in the classroom. This shows that the ideological identity is only manifested in the inputs and is practically not institutionalized in the classroom and teaching processes. In this way, considering Iran's educational system as ideological does not match the realities of the educational system.

Background: POSTPARTUM depression is a common disease with serious consequences for the mother and child. However, a few qualitative studies have been conducted on the lived EXPERIENCES of mothers. Objectives: This study is aimed at exploring the EXPERIENCES of mothers with the depression from pregnancy and childbirth. Methods: This qualitative study has been conducted on 16 women with a history of depression after childbirth. To collect data, 16 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data collected were analyzed using content analysis suggested by Graneheim and Lundman. Results: The data analysis led to the development of 821 inductive codes categorized into three themes: ‘ experienced problems’ , ‘ unmet expectations’ , and psychological distresses. The experienced problems comprised socioeconomic factors and complications during pregnancy and childbirth. The unmet expectations comprised conditions and reactions women expected to occur during interactions with others such as social supportandmarital relationship. Further, psychological distress was thewomen’ sreaction to pregnancy-related events and relative interactions, including psychological reactions and inefficiency in playing roles and fulfilling responsibilities. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need for exploration of the psychological processes during pregnancy. Women felt they needed support that was not easily availableandwere worried about lack of privacyandloss of control over their private life, causing psychological distress for women. Couples should receive the education necessary for the risk of post-partum depression.

Background & aim: Birth-related perineal injuries, especially its severe degrees, could result in unpleasant childbirth experience and affect maternal and infant morbidities. Since, it is possible to improve the quality of care through understanding patients' expectations and EXPERIENCES, this study was conducted to explore the perceptions and EXPERIENCES of women with perineal injuries in POSTPARTUM care. Methods: In this qualitative study, 22 women with various degrees of perineal trauma were purposively selected between 10 days to one year after childbirth from hospitals and healthcare centers in Mashhad, Iran in 2016. Data collection was carried out through in-depth, face-to-face semi-structured interviews. Data were concurrently analyzed through conventional content analysis using inductive approach of Elo and kyngas (2008) following data organization by MAXQDA software (version 10). Results: POSTPARTUM care of women with severe perineal injuries was explained as "unethical practices in care" with two emerged categories including "lack of professional responsibility" comprising two subcategories of "short term followup" and "neglect of comprehensive care " as well as unethical communications" consisting of three subcategories of "dishonesty", "inactive listening", and "lack of compassion". Conclusion: POSTPARTUM care in women with severe perineal trauma needs to be reviewed so that follow-up care and comprehensive provision of required services should be taken into account with focus on effective communication skills including honesty, active listening and compassion.

Background and purpose: POSTPARTUM depression (PPD) is a major POSTPARTUM mental health concern, and early screening plays an important role in reducing adverse outcomes. The prevalence of POSTPARTUM depression has been reported to range from 5% to 60% worldwide. Determining the prevalence of PPD and elucidating its risk factors for the prevention and treatment of PPD is of great social importance. Within the Iranian health system, family physician centers serve as the first level of referral, and midwives have a key role in PPD screening. This qualitative study aimed to explain midwives’ EXPERIENCES of barriers and strategies to improve screening for POSTPARTUM depression using conventional content analysis. Materials and methods: This study employed a qualitative approach with conventional content analysis. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 27 midwives. To ensure the accuracy and robustness of the research data, member checking was conducted by the research participants and a research associate professor of psychiatry. The interviews were transcribed, and thematic coding was performed to extract categories and subcategories. Results: The analysis revealed five main categories and 13 subcategories related to screening barriers, and three main categories and 10 subcategories for improvement strategies. The main barriers included structural-organizational, educational-professional, economic-social, psychological, and individual-clinical barriers. The suggested strategies comprised educational-cultural, supportive-social, and organizational-political approaches. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that POSTPARTUM depression screening faces structural-organizational, educational-professional, economic-social, psychological, and individual-clinical barriers but can be improved by implementing educational-cultural, supportive-social, and organizational-political strategies. Paying attention to these factors can enhance the process of identifying and intervening in POSTPARTUM depression

Introduction: Childbirth is a stressful event in every woman's life, leading to traumatic deliveries in half of the cases. This study aimed at describing mothers’ lived EXPERIENCES which make them perceive their childbirth as traumatic. Methods: In this descriptive phenomenological study, based on the DSM-V-A criteria, 32 mothers who had perceptions of a traumatic event during their labor and delivery were explored through semi-structured interviews, and the collected data were analyzed using the Colaizzi’ s method. Results: Four main themes could be extracted from the EXPERIENCES of the mothers. The first theme was sensational and emotional EXPERIENCES followed by clinical EXPERIENCES, legal EXPERIENCES and human dignity, and environmental EXPERIENCES. The sensational and emotional EXPERIENCES included four main categories (anxiety, fear, sorrow, anger). The theme of clinical EXPERIENCES included two main categories (avoidable and unavoidable childbirth complications). The theme of legal EXPERIENCES and human dignity included two main categories (non-observance of the charter of patient rights, and non-observance of human rights). The theme of environmental EXPERIENCES also included two main categories (lack of proper supervision and management). Conclusion: To prevent traumatic childbirth and its negative effects, different psychological aspects of childbirth need to be identified.

Background & aim: There is sufficient information about female sexual function, but few studies have investigated POSTPARTUM female sexual function. POSTPARTUM women’, s sexual function may be dramatically affected by childbirth. This study aimed to explore women's perceptions and EXPERIENCES of the concept of POSTPARTUM sexual function. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using a directed content analysis approach based on Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) between 2018 and 2019. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 13 women referred to the health centers of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran and were selected, purposively. The data were analyzed manually using directed content analysis adopted by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). Results: Overall, eleven categories emerged from the analysis. The six emerged categories were related to the predetermined components, namely sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, pain, orgasm, and satisfaction. The remaining five newly emerging categories included changes in the frequency of sexual intercourse, disturbed situation, changes in intimacy and relationship, physical (anatomical) changes, and psychological consequences. Conclusion: The results showed some new categories, in addition to the components of FSFI, which could be added to the concept of sexual function in POSTPARTUM period. Therefore, health service providers should consider these new additional concepts in the assessment, care, and treatment of female sexual dysfunction in POSTPARTUM women.